The 600-ship Navy was a strategic plan of the United States Navy during the 1980s to rebuild its fleet after cutbacks that followed the end of the Vietnam War.[1] The plan, which originated with Republican leaders, was an important campaign plank of Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election, who advocated a larger military and strategic confrontation with the Soviet Union.[2][3]
The number of ships peaked at 594 in 1987, before declining sharply after the end of the Cold War in 1989–1991.[4]
The program included:
Recommissioning the Iowa-class battleships
Keeping older ships in service longer
A large new construction program
Stepping up production of Nimitz-class aircraft carriers
The idea behind the 600-ship Navy can be traced back to the Vietnam War. During the war, the armed services rapidly expanded to meet the demands placed on them.
The Soviet Union, which had been supporting North Vietnam, began staging their naval vessels from former U.S. ports in South Vietnam. Building on this gain, Soviet vessels began to sail in all seven seas with increased vigor and even ventured into the Gulf of Mexico.[5] Soviet forces also stepped up infantry, armor, and air force deployments in Eastern Europe.
Reagan plan
It was against this backdrop in 1980 that the United States began an election year. President Reagan continued this in 1984, releasing a campaign commercial "Bear," which played on the use of the bear as a national symbol of Russia in order to promote higher vigilance and defense expenditures against the Soviet Union.
The overseas strategic retaliation arm was strengthened and the development of new weaponry like the B-1B bomber, the Bradley fighting vehicle, and the Abrams tank was completed and they were put into production.
Lehman attempted to "front-load" the program, by committing the Navy to the building program, but in the end the funds were not available and it fell short.[6][7]
Ships and weapons systems deployed during the plan
The Navy saw the largest benefit of the rebuilding.[8][9] Under the Reagan administration, the first of the Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines were completed. This class was the largest submarine ever built in the U.S. The ship carried 24 Trident I nuclear-capable missiles, each one with a 4,000-mile (6,400 km) range. Construction of the Nimitz class of supercarriers and Los Angeles-class attack submarines were dramatically stepped up. The revolutionary new Aegis Combat System was installed on the upcoming Ticonderoga-class ships, production of which was also stepped up. Several aircraft carriers were put through Service Life Extension Programs (SLEPs) aimed at keeping them in service longer. The Iowa-class battleships, built in the 1940s, were all recommissioned and refitted with RGM-84 Harpoon, BGM-109 Tomahawk, and Phalanx CIWS system capabilities, plus their armor plating would be more resilient against anti-ship missiles. The first Harpoons, Tomahawks, and AGM-88 HARM missiles all debuted on the navy's ships. Naval aviation was stepped up with the introduction of the F/A-18 Hornet, along with improved versions of the EA-6 Prowler electronic countermeasure aircraft, the A-6 Intruder, and the F-14 Tomcat. In addition, the nation's strategic retaliatory arm was strengthened with advanced B-1B bombers and deploying Pershing IItheater missiles to Europe. The initiative also included deployment of Abrams main battle tanks and Bradley armored fighting vehicles. U.S. Navy unclassified miscellaneous ships, auxiliary ships, and yard ships are not included in the ship count.
Eventually political pressure to reduce the national budget deficit resulted in Congress reversing itself and passing a series of declining defense budgets beginning in 1986.[10][11][7] Weinberger clashed with Congress over the cuts, resigning in late 1987, and was succeeded by Frank Carlucci.[12] Furthermore, concerns were raised about how the expansion of the Navy would reduce attention and resources needed in other scenarios where the Soviets also had to be confronted such as Europe.[13]
Lehman's successor as Navy Secretary, Jim Webb, remained a fierce proponent of the expanded fleet, and disagreed with Carlucci over how to cut the Navy budget in line with other services. Webb resigned rather than endorse Carlucci's cut of 16 frigates.[14] As revealed in The Reagan Diaries, Reagan reflected about Webb's resignation on 22 February 1988: "Present Sec. Webb resigned over budget cuts. I don't think Navy was sorry to see him go."[15][16]
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States, several of the Reagan Administration's policies and plans, such as the "600-ship Navy", were scaled back or abandoned.[2] U.S. bases across Europe and North America were slowly decommissioned and closed, others were mothballed through the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process.[6] In the Navy, this resulted in the retirement of several older carriers, the decommissioning of all four of the Iowa-class battleships and the cancellation of the remaining Seawolf-class submarines.
^Hattendorf, John B. Kelleher, Catherine McArdle; Boyer, Pelham G.; Goodrich, Patricia A. (eds.). The Evolution of the U.S. Navy's Maritime Strategy, 1977-1986 (PDF). Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (Center for Naval Warfare Studies) (Essay). Naval War College Newport Papers. Vol. 19. Newport, Rhode Island, United States: Naval War College. ISBN 1-884733-32-8. ISSN 1544-6824. OMB No. 0704-0188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009.
^ abDaniel, Donald C.F. (1 January 1991). Rhode, Benjamin (ed.). "Beyond the 600‐Ship Navy: Introduction". The Adelphi Papers. 31 (261). London, United Kingdom: International Institute for Strategic Studies/Taylor & Francis: 3–4. doi:10.1080/05679329108457607. ISSN 1944-5571. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^Armstrong, C.E.; Bottoms, Albert M. (22 June 1989). Uhlig Jr., Frank (ed.). "Command of the Seas: Building the 600 Ship Navy" (PDF). Naval War College Review. 42 (3). New Port, Rhode Island, United States: Naval War College: 118–122. ISSN 0028-1484. LCCN 75617787. OCLC 01779130. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^"US Ship Force Levels 1886-present". Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
^"AROUND THE NATION; Soviet Naval Vessels Found in Gulf of Mexico". The New York Times. Associated Press. 5 October 1981. p. A16. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ abSpinney, Chuck (6 December 2012). Stengel, Richard (ed.). "Business as Usual Inside Obama's Pentagon". Time. Battleland: Military intelligence for the rest of us (Military Spending). New York City, New York, United States. ISSN 0040-781X. OCLC 1311479. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
^ abCharles, Daniel (3 April 1987). Kohsland Jr., Daniel E. (ed.). "The Navy After Lehman: Rough Sailing Ahead?: Navy Secretary John Lehman presided over a major buildup of the fleet but critics charge that there may not be enough money to equip and operate all those new ships; dissent did not flourish in Lehman's Navy". Science. 236 (4797). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 22–25. doi:10.1126/science.236.4797.22. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 00368075. LCCN 17024346. OCLC 1644869. PMID 17759195. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^Marcus, Alan J. (1 December 1985). Manning the 600-ship Navy (PDF). Naval Planning, Manpower and Logistics Division (Center for Naval Analyses) (Research memorandum). Alexandria, Virginia, United States: Office of Naval Research (Department of the Navy). CRM 85-111.10. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2022 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
^Angier, Bruce N. (1 December 1984). Manning the 600-Ship Navy: Analysis of Force Structure and Compensation Options for Navy Program Planning (PDF). Naval Planning, Manpower and Logistics Division (Center for Naval Analyses) (Research memorandum). Alexandria, Virginia, United States: Office of Naval Research (Department of the Navy). CRM 85-23. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2022 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
^Tarpgaard, Peter T.; Mechanic, Robert E. (1 September 1985). Future Budget Requirements for the 600-Ship Navy (PDF). Congressional Budget Office (Congressional study). Washington, D.C.: United States Congress. OMB No. 0704-0188. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2022 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
^Church, George J. (20 June 1988). Muller, Henry (ed.). "Bringing The Pentagon to Heel". Time. New York City, New York, United States. ISSN 0040-781X. OCLC 1311479. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007.
^Mearsheimer, John J. (22 September 1986). "A Strategic Misstep: The Maritime Strategy and Deterrence in Europe". International Security. 11 (2). Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs/MIT Press: 3–57. doi:10.2307/2538957. ISSN 1531-4804. JSTOR 2538957. OCLC 44911437. S2CID 153456004. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^Muller, Henry, ed. (7 March 1988). "The Navy: The Secretary Jumps Ship". Time. New York City, New York, United States. ISSN 0040-781X. OCLC 1311479. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007.
^Reagan, Ronald (2009). "Chapter Eight: 1988—1989". In Brinkley, Douglas (ed.). The Reagan Diaries. New York City, New York, United States: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780061751943. OCLC 85850929. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2022-02-11 – via Google Books.
^Antle III, W. James (3 April 2015). Reddy, T. Venkattram (ed.). "The outsider who could beat Hillary". Oped. The Asian Age. Vol. 22, no. 46. New Delhi, India: Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited. p. 7. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022 – via PressReader.
Further reading
NSC-NSDD-32: U.S. National Security Strategy – The White House, May 20, 1982. archive listings
John B. Hattendorf. "The Evolution of the U.S. Navy's Maritime Strategy, 1977–1986" Naval War College Newport Paper 19 (2004), ISBN 1-884733-32-8. Available in PDF format here and here
Lieutenant General Bernard E. Trainor, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired). "Triumph in Strategic Thinking". United States Naval Institute Proceedings Vol. 134, No. 2 (February 2008) pp. 40–42
Norman Friedman. "The Navy, the Cold War – and Now" United States Naval Institute Proceedings Vol. 133, No. 10 (October 2007) pp. 58–62
External links
U.S. Naval Strategy During the Cold War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Building a 600 Ship Navy: The Congressional Budget Office Report