Ruthenocene

Names

IUPAC names

Ruthenocene
Bis(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium

Other names

ruthenium cyclopentadienyl, cp₂Ru

Identifiers

CAS Number

1287-13-4^Y

3D model (JSmol)

Interactive image

ChEBI

CHEBI:30680

ChemSpider

92229

ECHA InfoCard

100.013.696

EC Number

215-065-2

Gmelin Reference

3469

PubChem CID

11986121

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

DTXSID90903950

InChI

InChI=1S/2C5H5.Ru/c2*1-2-4-5-3-1;/h2*1-5H;/q-5;-1;
Key: KRRYFXOQIMANBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

[cH-]1cccc1.[cH-]1cccc1.[Ru+2]

Properties

Chemical formula

C₁₀H₁₀Ru

Molar mass

231.26 g/mol

Appearance

pale yellow powder

Density

1.86 g/cm³ (25 °C)

Melting point

195 to 200 °C (383 to 392 °F; 468 to 473 K)

Boiling point

278 °C (532 °F; 551 K)

Solubility in water

Insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents

Hazards

GHS labelling:^[1]

Pictograms

Signal word

Warning

Hazard statements

H315, H319, H335

NFPA 704 (fire diamond)

Related compounds

cobaltocene, nickelocene, chromocene, ferrocene, osmocene, bis(benzene)chromium

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Y verify (what is ^YN ?)

Infobox references

Chemical compound

Ruthenocene is an organoruthenium compound with the formula (C₅H₅)₂Ru. This pale yellow, volatile solid is classified as a sandwich compound and more specifically, as a metallocene.

Structure and bonding

Ruthenocene consists of a ruthenium ion sandwiched in between two cyclopentadienyl rings. It features ruthenium centre bound symmetrically to the planes of two cyclopentadienyl rings. It is closely related to the isoelectronic ferrocene.

In contrast to ferrocene, wherein the cyclopentadienyl rings are in a staggered conformation, those of ruthenocene crystallise with an eclipsed conformation. This difference is due to the larger ionic radius of ruthenium, which increases the distance between the cyclopentadienyl rings, decreasing steric interactions and allowing an eclipsed conformation to prevail. In solution, these rings rotate with a very low barrier.

Preparation

Ruthenocene was first synthesized in 1952 by Geoffrey Wilkinson, a Nobel laureate who had collaborated in assigning the structure of ferrocene only a year earlier.^[2] Originally, ruthenocene was prepared by the reaction of ruthenium trisacetylacetonate with excess of cyclopentadienylmagnesium bromide.^[2]

Ru(acac)₃ + C₅H₅MgBr → Ru(C₅H₅)₂ + 3 "acacMgBr" + "C₅H₅"

Ruthenocene may also be prepared by the reaction of sodium cyclopentadienide with "ruthenium dichloride" prepared in situ by reduction of ruthenium trichloride.^[3]^[4]

Chemical properties

Ruthenocene typically oxidises via two electron change, instead of one.^[5] With weakly coordinating anions as electrolyte, the oxidation proceeds via a 1e step.^[6]

Ruthenocene has been investigated as a photoinitiator for polymerization reactions.^[7]

References

^ "Summary of Classification and Labelling". ECHA. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b Wilkinson, G. (1952). "The Preparation and Some Properties of Ruthenocene and Ruthenicinium Salts". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (23): 6146–6147. doi:10.1021/ja01143a538.
^ Bublitz, D. E; McEwen, W. E.; Kleinberg, J. (1961). "Ruthenocene". Organic Syntheses. 41: 96. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.041.0096.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Harrypersad, Shane; Canal, John P. (2023). "The Synthesis of Ruthenocene─A Methodology Appropriate for the Inorganic Undergraduate Curriculum". Journal of Chemical Education. 100 (3): 1320–1325. Bibcode:2023JChEd.100.1320H. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c01258. S2CID 257322557.
^ Smith, T. P; Taube, H.; Bino, A.; Cohen, S. (1984). "Reactivity of Haloruthenocene(IV) complexes". Inorg. Chem. 23 (13): 1943. doi:10.1021/ic00181a030.
^ Geiger, W. E. and Barrière, F., "Organometallic Electrochemistry Based on Electrolytes Containing Weakly-Coordinating Fluoroarylborate Anions", Accounts of Chemical Research, 2010. doi:10.1021/ar1000023.
^ Cynthia T. Sanderson, Bentley J. Palmer, Alan Morgan, Michael Murphy, Richard A. Dluhy, Todd Mize, I. Jonathan Amster, and Charles Kutal "Classical Metallocenes as Photoinitiators for the Anionic Polymerization of an Alkyl 2-Cyanoacrylate" Macromolecules 2002, volume 35, pp. 9648-9652.doi:10.1021/ma0212238