Douglas MacArthur

Jeneral Angkatan Darat
Fil Marsyal
Douglas MacArthur
MacArthur in khaki trousers and open necked shirt with five-star-rank badges on the collar. He is wearing his field marshal's cap and smoking a corncob pipe.
MacArthur di Manila, tahun 1945.
Nama samaranGaijin Shogun (Generalisimo Asing)
Dugout Doug
Big Chief
Kelahiran(1880-01-26)26 Januari 1880
Little Rock, Arkansas, A.S.
Meninggal dunia5 April 1964(1964-04-05) (umur 84)
Washington, D.C., A.S.
Place of burialNorfolk, Virginia, A.S.
Kesetiaan Amerika Syarikat
 Filipina
PerkhidmatanTentera Darat Amerika Syarikat
Filipina Tentera Darat Filipina
Tahun perkhidmatan1903–1964
Pangkat Jeneral Angkatan Darat (Tentera Darat AS)
Fil Marsyal (Tentera Darat Filipina)
Jumlah perkhidmatanO-57
ArahanMarkas Tentera PBB
Pemerintah Tertinggi Kuasa Bersekutu
Kawasan Barat Daya Pasifik
Angkatan Tentera Darat Timur Jauh A.S.
Jabatan Filipina
Ketua Turus Tentera Darat A.S.
Divisyen Filipina
Superintenden Akademi Tentera A.S.
Divisyen 42 Infantri
Briged 84 Infantri
PertempuranRevolusi Mexico
  • Pendudukan Amerika keatas Veracruz

Perang Dunia I

  • Penyerangan Champagne-Marne
  • Pertempuran Saint-Mihiel
  • Penyerangan Meuse-Argonne

Perang Dunia II

  • Kempen Filipina (1941–42)
  • Kempen New Guinea
  • Kempen Filipina (1944–45)
  • Kempen Borneo (1945)
  • Pendudukan Jepun

Perang Korea

AnugerahMedal of Honor
Distinguished Service Cross (3)
Army Distinguished Service Medal (5)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star (7)
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal
Air Medal
Purple Heart (2)
PasanganLouise Cromwell Brooks (isteri pertama)
Jean MacArthur (isteri kedua)
HubunganArthur MacArthur, Sr. (datok)
Arthur MacArthur, Jr. (bapa)
Arthur MacArthur III (abang)
Douglas MacArthur II (anak buah)
Tugas lainPengerusi Lembaga Syarikat Remington Rand
Tandatangan

Jeneral Angkatan Darat Douglas MacArthur (26 Januari 1880 – 5 April 1964) ialah seorang jeneral lima bintang Amerika dan Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Filipina yang telah menjadi Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat semasa era 1930an dan memainkan peranan penting dalam Kancah Pasifik sewaktu Perang Dunia II. Beliau menerima Medal of Honor bagi khidmat baktinya dalam Kempen Filipina, yang mana menjadikan beliau dan bapanya Arthur MacArthur, Jr. sebagai anak beranak pertama yang dianugerahkan pingat tersebut. Beliau merupakan salah seorang dari hanya lima pegawai kanan yang naik ke pangkat Jeneral Angkatan Darat dalam Tentera Darat A.S. dan satu-satunya orang yang menjadi Fil Marsyal dalam Tentera Filipina.

Dibesarkan dalam keluarga tentera semasa zaman koboi Amerika, MacArthur adalah valedictorian di Akademi Tentera Texas Barat dan Kapten Kadet dalam Akademi Tentera Amerika Syarikat di West Point, di mana beliau lulus tempat pertama bagi kelas 1903. Semasa Amerika Syarikat menduduki Veracruz pada tahun 1914, beliau menjalankan satu misi peninjauan ketenteraan, yang mana beliau telah dicalonkan untuk pingat Medal of Honor. Pada tahun 1917, beliau telah dinaikkan pangkat dari Mejar ke Kolonel dan menjadi Ketua Staf Divisyen Ke-42 (Rainbow). Dalam pertempuran di Barisan Barat semasa Perang Dunia I, beliau dinaikkan pangkat Brigedier Jeneral, sekali lagi telah dicalonkan untuk Medal of Honor, dan telah dianugerahkan Distinguished Service Cross sebanyak dua kali dan Silver Star sebanyak tujuh kali.

Dari tahun 1919 hingga 1922, MacArthur bertugas sebagai Superintenden Akademi Tentera Amerika Syarikat di West Point, di mana beliau cuba membuat beberapa siri pembaharuan. Tugasan seterusnya adalah di Filipina, di mana pada tahun 1924 beliau memainkan peranan penting dalam mematahkan Pemberontakan Pengakap Filipina. Pada tahun 1925, beliau menjadi Mejar Jeneral termuda dalam Tentera Darat. Beliau bertugas di mahkamah tentera yang membicarakan Brigedier Jeneral Billy Mitchell dan menjadi Presiden Jawatankuasa Olimpik Amerika semasa Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1928 di Amsterdam. Pada tahun 1930, beliau menjadi Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat. Dengan itu, beliau terlibat dalam pengusiran penunjuk perasaanTentera Bonus dari Washington, DC pada tahun 1932, dan penubuhan serta penyusunan Kor Pemuliharaan Awam. Beliau bersara dari Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1937 untuk menjadi Penasihat Ketenteraan kepada Kerajaan Komanwel Filipina.

MacArthur dipanggil semula untuk aktif bertugas pada tahun 1941 sebagai Panglima Angkatan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat di Timur Jauh. Beberapa siri bencana berlaku, bermula dengan kemusnahan tentera udara beliau pada 8 Disember 1941, dan pencerobohan Filipina oleh Jepun. Tentera MacArthur kemudian dipaksa berundur ke Bataan, di mana mereka bertahan sehingga Mei 1942. Pada bulan Mac 1942, MacArthur, keluarga dan kakitangannya meninggalkan Pulau Corregidor dengan Bot peronda dan melarikan diri ke Australia, di mana MacArthur menjadi Pemerintah Bersekutu Tertinggi Kawasan Pasifik Barat Daya. Bagi khidmatnya mempertahankan Filipina, MacArthur telah dianugerahi pingat Medal of Honor. Setelah lebih dua tahun berjuang di Pasifik, beliau mengotakan janji untuk kembali ke Filipina. Beliau secara rasmi menerima penyerahan kalah Jepun pada 2 September 1945, dan menyelia pendudukan Jepun sebagai Pemerintah Tertinggi Kuasa Bersekutu dari tahun 1945 hingga 1951. Sebagai pemerintah Jepun yang efektif, beliau menyelia perubahan pantas ekonomi, politik dan sosial. Beliau mengetuai Markas Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu didalam Perang Korea sehinggalah dipecat oleh Presiden Harry S. Truman pada 11 April 1951. Beliau kemudiannya menjadi Pengerusi Lembaga Remington Rand.

General of the Army MacArthur ialah tokoh tentera Amerika Syarikat yang paling menonjol di Medan Pasifik semasa Perang Dunia II, MacArthur terselamat semasa serangan Jepun terhadap Filipina pada tahun 1941, berjanji “Saya akan kembali.” Beliau melakukannya pada Januari 1945 apabila Laksamana Chester Nimitz mengarah pasukan Amerika di Tengah Pasifik, MacArthur memimpin kemaraan di Barat Daya Pasifik. Pada akhir perang beliau menerima penyerahan kalah Jepun diatas kapal perang, U.S.S. Missouri.

MacArthur sebagai jeneral 4 bintang pada tahun 1943
MacArthur selaku Jeneral Besar 5 bintang

Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat

Tiada lencana pangkat pada 1903 Leftenan Kedua, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat: 11 Jun 1903
Leftenan Pertama, United States Army: April 23, 1904
Kapten, United States Army: February 27, 1911
Mejar, United States Army: December 11, 1915
Kolonel, Tentera Darat Kebangsaan: August 5, 1917
Brigedier Jeneral, National Army: June 26, 1918
Pangkat Brigedier Jeneral menjadi tetap dalam Tentera Darat Biasa: January 20, 1920
Mejar Jeneral, Regular Army: January 17, 1925
Jeneral sementara selaku Ketua Turus Tentera Darat: November 21, 1930
Kembali ke pangkat tetap Mejar Jeneral, Regular Army: October 1, 1935
Bersara pada gred Jeneral on Regular Army rolls: December 31, 1937
Dipanggil semula bertugas sebagai Mejar Jeneral in the Regular Army: July 26, 1941
Leftenan Jeneral dalam Tentera Darat A.S.: July 27, 1941
Jeneral, Army of the United States: December 18, 1941
Jeneral Angkatan Darat, Army of the United States: December 18, 1944
Pangkat Jeneral Angkatan Darat menjadi tetap dalam Regular Army: March 23, 1946

Pada tahun 1955, satu rang undang-undang di peringkat awal telah dicadangkan oleh Kongres Amerika Syarikat yang membenarkan Presiden Amerika Syarikat melantik Douglas MacArthur ke pangkat General of the Armies (pada tahun 1945 langkah yang sama juga dicadangkan namun tidak berjaya). Bagaimanapun, disebabkan beberapa kesukaran yang timbul, rang undang-undang tersebut telah ditarik balik.

Darjah, anugerah dan pingat

Gambar menunjukkan reben tentera Amerika milik Douglas MacArthur, seperti yang dipaparkan hari ini.

Dalam kerjaya tenteranya, Jeneral MacArthur telah dianugerahkan banyak pingat daripada Amerika Syarikat dan negara Bersekutu yang lain. Senarai dibawah adalah dari pingat-pingat yang dipakai pada pakaian seragam tentera, dan tidak termasuk pingat peringatan, bintang-bintang tidak rasmi, dan anugerah bukan portable.

Pingat dan bintang

Medal of Honor
Distinguished Service Cross berserta dua kelompok daun oak
Army Distinguished Service Medal berserta empat kelompok daun oak
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star six oak leaf clusters, represented by one silver and one bronze oak leaf cluster
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star with "V" device
Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster
Air Medal
Presidential Unit Citation six oak leaf clusters, represented by one silver and one bronze oak leaf cluster
Philippine Campaign Medal
Mexican Service Medal
World War I Victory Medal with five battle clasps (Aisne-Marne, Champagne-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Defensive Sector)
Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
American Defense Service Medal with “Foreign Service” clasp
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two silver service stars and arrowhead device
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation Medal with “Japan” clasp
National Defense Service Medal posthumously eligible for bronze service star
Korean Service Medal with three bronze service stars and arrowhead device
United Nations Service Medal
  • Combat Infantryman Badge (honorary)
  • Command Aviator Badge (honorary)
  • Army General Staff Identification Badge
  • Fourteen Overseas Service Bars
  • Expert Rifle Badge
  • Expert Pistol Badge

Anugerah asing

Darjah kebesaran

  • Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (Bahagian Tentera)
  • Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
  • Belgian Order of the Crown, Grand Cross with Palm
  • Belgian Order of the Crown, Commander
  • Philippine Legion of Honor, Darjah Ketua Panglima
  • Czechoslovakian Military Order of the White Lion, Grand Cross
  • Polish Virtuti Militari, V Class
  • Polish Order of Polonia Restituta, Grand Cordon
  • Grand Cross Netherlands Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords
  • Yugoslavian Order of the White Eagle, Grand Cordon
  • Japanese Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
  • Korean Taegeuk Cordon of the Order of Military Merit
  • Knight Grand Cross of Military Order of Italy
  • Order of the Crown of Italy
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Merit "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes"
  • Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon, First Class
  • Chinese Special Grand Cordon Order of Pao Ting (Precious Tripod)

Pingat dan bintang

  • United Nations Service Medal for Korea
  • Pacific Star (United Kingdom)
  • French Croix de Guerre with Palm and Gilt star
  • French Medaille Militaire
  • Belgian Croix de Guerre with Palm
  • Philippine Medal of Valor
  • Philippine Distinguished Conduct Star
  • Philippine Defense Medal with one bronze campaign star
  • Philippine Liberation Medal with two bronze campaign stars
  • Philippine Independence Medal
  • Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
  • Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation
  • Republic of Korea War Service Medal (posthumous)
  • Italian War Merit Cross
  • Greek War Cross
  • Guatemalan Cross of Military Merit, First Class
  • Hungarian Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Military Division)
  • Order of Mexican Military Merit
  • Grand Cross Order of Romanian Military Merit

Bibliografi

  • MacArthur, Douglas (1942). Waldrop, Frank C (penyunting). MacArthur on War. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. OCLC 1163286.
  • MacArthur, Douglas (1952). Revitalizing a Nation; a Statement of Beliefs, Opinions, and Policies Embodied in the Public Pronouncements of Douglas MacArthur. Chicago: Heritage Foundation. OCLC 456989. Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (bantuan)
  • MacArthur, Douglas (1964). Reminiscences. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 562005. Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (bantuan)
  • MacArthur, Douglas (1965). Whan Jr, Vorin E (penyunting). A Soldier Speaks; Public Papers and Speeches of General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur. New York: Praeger. OCLC 456849. Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (bantuan)
  • MacArthur, Douglas (1965). Courage was the Rule: General Douglas MacArthur's Own Story (Juvenile audience) (ed. Abridged). New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1307481. Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (bantuan)
  • MacArthur, Douglas (1965). Duty, Honor, Country; a Pictorial Autobiography (ed. 1st). New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1342695. Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (bantuan)
  • MacArthur, Douglas (1966). Willoughby, Charles A (penyunting). Reports of General MacArthur (4 Volumes). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 407539. Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (bantuan)

Rujukan

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  • Valley, David J. (2000). Gaijin Shogun: General Douglas MacArthur, Stepfather of Postwar Japan. Sektor Company. ISBN 0-9678175-2-8. OCLC 45586737.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Vierk, Valerie Lee (2005). Gold Stars and Purple Hearts: the War Dead of the Ravenna, Nebraska Area. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. ISBN 1-4208-7607-4. OCLC 70700519.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Willoughby, Charles A., penyunting (1966). Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area Volume II – Part I. Reports of General MacArthur. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 482111659. CMH Pub 13-1. Dicapai pada 10 Februari 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Bacaan lanjut

  • Barbey, Daniel E. (1969). MacArthur's Amphibious Navy: Seventh Amphibious Force Operations, 1943–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. OCLC 52066.
  • Bartsch, William H. (2003). 8 December 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-246-1. OCLC 50920708.
  • Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019314-X. OCLC 43031388.
  • Duffy, Bernard K; Carpenter, Ronald H. (1997). Douglas MacArthur: Warrior as Wordsmith. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29148-9. OCLC 34117548.
  • Leary, William M., penyunting (1988). We Shall Return!: MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-9105-8. OCLC 17483104.
  • Lowitt, Richard (1967). The Truman-MacArthur Controversy. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN 978-0-528-66344-4. OCLC 712199.
  • Lutz, David W. (Januari 2000). "The Exercise of Military Judgment: A Philosophical Investigation of The Virtues And Vices of General Douglas MacArthur". Journal of Power and Ethics (1).
  • Masuda, Hiroshi (2012). MacArthur in Asia: The General and His Staff in the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4939-0. OCLC 780415694.
  • Rasor, Eugene L. (1994). General Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-28873-9. OCLC 29428597.
  • Schaller, Michael (1964). Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-7351-0354-2. OCLC 18325485.
  • Schonberger, Howard B. (1989). Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945–1952. American Diplomatic History. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-382-0. OCLC 18557205.
  • Sodei, Rinjirō (1964). Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-1115-4. OCLC 47177004.
  • Wainstock, Dennis D. (1999). Truman, MacArthur, and the Korean War. Contributions in Military Studies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30837-6. OCLC 261176470.
  • Weintraub, Stanley (2000). MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-83419-7. OCLC 41548333.
  • Wolfe, Robert (1984). Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-1115-6. OCLC 9465314.

Pautan luar

  • Templat:Hall of Valor
  • "The MacArthur Memorial".
  • "The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History". City of Little Rock.
  • "Obituary: Commander of Armies That Turned Back Japan Led a Brigade in World War I". New York Times. 6 April 1964.
  • "MacArthur". PBS.
  • Filem pendek Big Picture: The Douglas MacArthur Story ini boleh didapati untuk muat turun percuma di Internet Archive.
  • Truman Fires MacArthur, Aftermath: Original Letters Diarkibkan 2014-05-12 di Wayback Machine
Pegawai tentera
Didahului oleh
Samuel Escue Tillman 		Superintenden Akademi Tentera Amerika Syarikat
1919–22 		Diikuti oleh:
Fred Winchester Sladen
Didahului oleh
Charles P. Summerall 		Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat
1930–35 		Diikuti oleh:
Malin Craig
Didahului oleh
— 		Pemerintah Tertinggi Kuasa Bersekutu (SCAP), Jepun
1945–51 		Diikuti oleh:
Matthew Ridgway
Anugerah
Didahului oleh
Dwight D. Eisenhower 		Penerima Anugerah Sylvanus Thayer
1962 		Diikuti oleh:
John J. McCloy
Gelaran Kehormat
Didahului oleh
John F. Kennedy 		Jasad yang pernah diberi penghormatan terakhir didalam Kapitol Amerika Syarikat
8 April 1964 – 9 April 1964 		Diikuti oleh:
Herbert Hoover

Templat:Douglas MacArthur Templat:US Army Chiefs of Staff

Persondata
Nama MacArthur, Douglas
Nama alternatif
Pemerihalan ringkas American Field Marshal/General of the Army
Tarikh kelahiran 26 January 1880
Tempat kelahiran Little Rock, Arkansas
Tarikh kematian 5 April 1964
Tempat kematian Washington, D.C.