Maharaja Qianlong

Maharaja Qianlong
乾隆帝

Maharaja Qing China ke-6

Pemerintahan

8 Oktober 1735 – 9 Februari 1796
(60 tahun, 124 hari)

Didahului oleh

Maharaja Yongzheng

Diikuti oleh

Maharaja Jiaqing

Tempoh pemerintahan

8 Oktober 1735 – 7 Februari 1799
(63 tahun, 122 hari)

Keputeraan

(1711-09-25)25 September 1711

Kemangkatan

7 Februari 1799(1799-02-07) (umur 87)

Pemakaman

Makam Qing Timur, Zunhua

Maharani

Maharani Xiaoxianchun
Ulanara, si Maharani Tiri
Maharani Xiaoyichun

Imperial Noble Consort

Imperial Noble Consort Huixian
Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui
Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong
Imperial Noble Consort Jiwen
Imperial Noble Consort Shujia

Anakanda
antara lain...

Yonghuang
Yonglian
Kurun Princess Hejing
Yongzhang
Yongcheng
Yongqi
Yongrong
Heshuo Princess Hejia
Yongcong
Yongxuan
Yongxing
Yongqi
Yongjing
Kurun Princess Hejing
Yonglu
Heshuo Princess Heke
Yongyan
Yonglin
Kurun Princess Hexiao

Nama penuh
Cina: Aixin-Jueluo Hongli 愛新覺羅弘曆 Manchu: Aisin-Gioro hala i Hung Li
Nama selepas mangkat
Maharaja Fatian Longyun Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming Xiaoci Shensheng Chun 法天隆運至誠先覺體元立極敷文奮武欽明孝慈神聖純皇帝
Nama tokong
Qing Gaozong 清高宗

Kerabat

Kerabat Aisin-Gioro(爱新觉罗)

Ayahanda

Maharaja Yongzheng

Bonda

Maharani Xiaoshengxian

Maharaja Qianlong (sebutan bahasa Mandarin: [tɕʰi̯ɛ̌n lu̯ə̌ŋ tɨ̂]) (Bahasa Cina: 乾隆帝code: zh is deprecated ; pinyin: Qiánlóngdì; Wade-Giles: Ch'ien-lung Ti; Mongolian: Тэнгэрийг Тэтгэгч хаан, Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ Abkai Wehiyehe hūwangdi, Tibetan: ཆན་ལུང་།code: bo is deprecated lha skyong rgyal po, born Hongli (Bahasa Cina: 弘曆code: zh is deprecated ; bahasa Manchu: ᡥᡠᠩ ᠯᡳ ;transliterasi Möllendorff: hung li), 25 September 1711 – 7 Februari 1799) merupakan maharaja ke-6 dari dinasti Qing dan maharaja Qing ke-4 yang memerintah di tanah besar China. Baginda merupakan anak lelaki ke-4 bagi Maharaja Yongzheng, dan memerintah secara rasminya bermua pada 11 Oktober 1735 sehingga 8 Februari 1796.^[1] Pada 8 Februari, baginda telah turun dari takhta bagi memberi peluang kepada anak lelaki baginda , Maharaja Jiaqing – bagi memenuhi janji baginda bahawa baginda tidak akan memerintah lebih lama dari datuk baginda, Maharaja Kangxi.^[2] Meskipun telah bersara, baginda masih mengekalkan kuasa mutlak sehingga kemangkatan baginda pada tahun 1799. Meskipun pada tahun-tahun awal pemerintahan baginda mewarisi kelangsungan era kekayaan di China, hari-hari terakhir baginda menyaksikan pebagai masalah yang melanda di tanah air dan Empayar Qing.

Lihat juga

Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
Giuseppe Castiglione
Manwen Laodang
Sistem Canton
Xi Yang Lou
Koridor Panjang
Kuil Putuo Zongcheng
Dinasti Qianlong

Nota

^ Nama era Qianlong bagaimanapun mula digunakan pada 12 Februari 1736, hari pertama mengikut kalendar lunar. 8 February 1796 pula merupakan hari terakhir dalam kalendar lunar yang dikenali di China sebagai tahun ke-60 pemerintahan Qianlong.
^ Jacobs, Andrew. "Dusting Off a Serene Jewel Box," New York Times. 31 December 2008.

Rujukan

Æneas Anderson, A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794; Containing the Various Circumstances of the Embassy, with Accounts of Customs and Manners of the Chinese (London: J. Debrett, 1795)
van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797). Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795. Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry.
Van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1798). An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795, Vol. I. Diarkibkan 2009-02-15 di Wayback Machine London : R. Phillips. [digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, "China Through Western Eyes." Diarkibkan 2007-06-13 di Wayback Machine ]
Chang, Michael (2007). A court on horseback: imperial touring & the construction of Qing rule, 1680–1785. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center.
Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). Missing or empty |title= (bantuan) "In the Eye of Power Diarkibkan 2011-07-06 di Wayback Machine: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia, 1759–2004." Doctoral thesis, Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane.
Crossley, Pamela."A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology." 10-ISBN 0-520-23424-3; 13-ISBN 978-0-520-23424-6
de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph (1808). Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France. Paris.
Dai, Yingcong (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty". Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press).
Guy, R. Kent (Oktober 1987). The Emperor's Four Treasures. Harvard University Press. m/s. 167. ISBN 978-0-674-25115-1.
Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd edition ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1406735031.
Henss, Michael: The Qianlong Emperor as a Grand Lama Diarkibkan 2013-08-01 di Wayback Machine. In: Asian Art Gallery Diarkibkan 2013-08-01 di Wayback Machine, Nov. 1998.
Perdue, Peter C. (2005). Missing or empty |title= (bantuan) China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908). Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and Documents. Diarkibkan 2018-10-06 di Wayback Machine London : John Murray. [digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, "China Through Western Eyes." Diarkibkan 2007-06-13 di Wayback Machine ]
Rockhill, William Woodville. "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question I," The American Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Apr., 1897), pp. 427–442.
Rockhill, William Woodville. "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question II," The American Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Jul., 1897), pp. 627–643.

Gelaran pemerintah
Maharaja Qianlong Kerabat Aisin-Gioro Tarikh keputeraan: 25 September 1711 Tarikh kemangkatan: 7 Februari 1799
Didahului oleh Maharaja Yongzheng	Maharaja China 1735–1796	Diikuti oleh: Maharaja Jiaqing