Nikolai II dari Rusia

Nicholas II
Maharaja dan Autokrat ke atas Rusia
Pemerintahan1 November [G.L.: 20 Oktober] 1894 – 15 Mac 1917
Kemahkotaan26 Mei [G.L.: 14 Mei] 1896[1]
Didahului olehAleksandr III
Diikuti olehTakhta dibubarkan
De facto :
Georgy Lvov (pengerusi kerajaan sementara)
PemakamanKatedral Pyotr dan Pavel, Saint Petersburg, Persekutuan Rusia
PasanganAlix dari Hesse
AnakandaGrand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich
KerabatKerabat Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
AyahandaAleksandr III dari Rusia
BondaMaria Feodorovna
(Dagmar dari Denmark)
TandatanganTandatangan Nicholas II

Nikolai II (Bahasa Rusia: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романовcode: ru is deprecated , tr. Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ftɐˈroj, nʲɪkɐˈlaj əlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪʨ rɐˈmanəf]) (18 Mei [G.L.: 6 Mei] 1868 – 17 Julai 1918) adalah Tsar terakhir Rusia, Putera Besar Finland, dan pemerintah pada nama Poland.[2] Gelaran rasmi baginda adalah Nikolai II, Maharaja dan Autokrat ke atas Rusia[3]; malah baginda kini dianggap sebagai Santo Nicholas si Pembawa Derita oleh Gereja Ortodoks Rusia.

Rujukan

  1. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan ReferenceB tidak disediakan
  2. ^ In 1831, the Russian tsars were deposed from the Polish throne, but they soon took control of the country as part of Russia and abolished the separate monarchy. However, they continued to use this title. See November Uprising.
  3. ^ Gelaran penuh baginda ialaj Beta, Nikolai Kedua, dengan rahmat Tuhan, Maharaja dan Autokrat segala Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar Kazan, Tsar Astrakhan, Raja Poland, Tsar Siberia, Tsar Tauric Chersonesos, Tsar of Georgia, Tuan Pskov, Velikiy Kniaz ("Raja Besar") Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia dan Finland, Putera Estonia, Livonia, Courland dan Semigalia, Samogitia, Belostok, Karelia, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria, dan kawasan lain; Tuan dan Kniaz Besar Nizhny Novgorod, Chernigov; Tuan Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav [disambiguation needed], and all the northern territories; and Sovereign of Iveria, Kartalinia, dan tanah-tanah Kabard serta kawasan Armenia; Tuan dan Raja Pewaris Circassia and Mountain Princes and others; Tuan Turkestan, Pewaris Norway, Herzog Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg dan sebagainya.

Bacaan lanjut

  • The Sokolov Report, in Victor Alexandrov, "The End of The Romanovs", London: 1966
  • Boris Antonov, Russian Czars, St.Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers (ISBN 5-93893-109-6)
  • Michael M. Baden, Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation, In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition). Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174-183, Springfield, Illinois: 2006
  • Paul Grabbe, "The Private World of the Last Czar" New York: 1985
  • Ferro, Marc, Nicholas II: Last of the Czars. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-508192-7); 1995 (paperback, ISBN 0-19-509382-8)
  • Genrikh Ioffe, Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh Moscow: Respublika, 1992 (Rusia)
  • Coryne Hall & John Van der Kiste, Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Phoenix Mill, Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7509-2749-6)
  • Greg King, The Court of the Last Czar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II 2006
  • Greg King and Penny Wilson, "The Fate of the Romanovs" 2003
  • Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias. 1993.
  • Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra 1999
  • Marvin Lyons, Nicholas II The Last Czar, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 (hardcover, ISBN 0710078021)
  • Shay McNeal, "The Secret Plot to Save the Czar" 2001
  • Robert K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra 1967
  • Robert K. Massie, The Romanovs. The Final Chapter 1995, ISBN 0394580486
  • Bernard Pares, "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988
  • John Perry [disambiguation needed] and Konstantin Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs. 1999.
  • Edvard Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II (1992) ISBN 0-385-42371-3
  • Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
  • Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold, The File on the Czar. 1976.
  • Richard Tames, Last of the Czars, London, Pan Books Ltd, 1972
  • Andrew M. Verner, The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution 1990
  • Ian Vorres, The Last Grand Duchess, London, Finedawn Publishers, 1985 (hardcover)
  • Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 2 2000
  • Prince Felix Yussupov, Lost Splendour
  • Elisabeth Heresch, "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1992
  • The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999
  • Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937
  • Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914–1917 Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929.
  • Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914–1917. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.
  • The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938
  • Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.
  • Paul Benckendorff, Last Days at Czarskoe Selo. London: 1927
  • Sophie Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography London: 1928
  • Pierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921
  • A. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935
  • Anna Vyrubova, Memories of the Russian Court London: 1923
  • A.Yarmolinsky, editor, "The Memoirs of Count Witte" New York & Toronto: 1921
  • Sir George Buchanan (British Ambassador) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)
  • Meriel Buchanan, Dissolution of an Empire, Cassell, 1932
  • Gleb Botkin, The Real Romanovs, Fleming H. Revell Co, 1931
  • Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
  • "The Personality Of The Czar: An Explanation, By A Russian Official Of High Authority". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. VIII: 5414–5430. 1904. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan); External link in |title= (bantuan); |access-date= requires |url= (bantuan)

Pautan luar

  • Nicholas_II di Curlie
  • Nikolai II dari Rusia di laman Find A Grave
  • Nikolai II dari Rusia di Pangkalan Data Nama-nama Terkenal
  • The Execution of Czar Nicholas II, 1918, EyeWitness to History.
  • Brief Summary of Czar
  • Abdication Proclamation, 2 March 1917 (the signature was put in pencil) (translation included)
  • Alexander Palace Time Machine
  • Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition
  • Frozentears.org A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family.
  • Scientists Reopen Czar Mystery
  • Ipatiev House — Romanov Memorial An immensely detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution.
  • (Rusia) The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of execution of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.
  • (Rusia) Nikolay II — Life and Death, Edvard Radzinski. Later published in English as The Last Czar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II.
  • New Russian Martyrs. Czar Nicholas and His Family. A story of life, canonization. Photoalbum.
  • Russian History Magazine Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine.
  • Russia's Last Czar Declared Victim of Repression - October 2008 (TIME magazine)
Nikolai II dari Rusia
Cabang kadet bagi Kerabat Oldenburg
Tarikh keputeraan: 18 Mei 1868 Tarikh kemangkatan: 17 Julai 1918
Gelaran pemerintah
Didahului oleh
Alexander III 		Tsar Rusia
1 November 1894 – 15 Mac 1917 		Dibubarkan
Pembubaran monarki
Duke Besar Finland
1 November 1894 – 15 Mac 1917 		Kosong
  Gelaran dipegang kemudian oleh  
Putera Frederick Charles dari Hesse
Kerabat diraja Rusia
Didahului oleh
Alexander III dari Rusia 		Pewaris takhta Rusia
1881–1894 		Diikuti oleh:
George dari Rusia
Gelar sebagai penuntut
Kehilangan gelaran
Empayar dibubarkan
 — TIDAK MEMERINTAH —
Tsar Rusia
15 Mac 1917 – 17 Julai 1918
Alasan untuk kegagalan Pewarisan:
Empayar dibubarkan pada tahun 1917 		Diikuti oleh:
Cyril Vladimirovich
  • l
  • b
  • s
Dinasti Rurik
Zaman Kekacauan
  • Boris
  • Feodor II
  • Dmitry I (juga sebagai Maharaja)
  • Vasili IV
  • Vladislav I
Dinasti Romanov
  • l
  • b
  • s
Duke Besar dari Rusia
Generasi Pertama

Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich • Alexander Petrovich • Pavel Petrovitch • Peter Petrovich • Paul Petrovich • Peter Petrovich
Generasi Ke-2
Pyotr II
Generasi Ke-3
Generasi Ke-4
Generasi Ke-5

Aleksandr I • Duke Besar Constantine Pavlovich • Nikolai I • Duke Besar Michael Pavlovich
Generasi Ke-6

Aleksandr II • Duke Besar Constantine Nicholaevich • Duke Besar Nicholas Nicholaevich • Duke Besar Michael Nicholaevich
Generasi Ke-7

Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich • Aleksandr III • Duke Besar Vladimir Alexandrovich • Duke Besar Alexei Alexandrovich • Duke Besar Nicholas Constantinovich • Duke Besar Nicholas Nicholaevich • Duke Besar Sergei Alexandrovich • Duke Besar Constantine Constantinovich • Duke Besar Nicholas Mikhailovich • Duke Besar Dimitri Constantinovich • Duke Besar Paul Alexandrovich • Duke Besar Michael Mikhailovich • Duke Besar Viacheslav Constantinovich • Duke Besar George Mikhailovich • Duke Besar Peter Nicholaevich • Duke Besar Alexander Mikhailovich • Duke Besar Sergei Mikhailovich • Duke Besar Alexei Mikhailovich

Generasi Ke-8

Nikolai II • Duke Besar Alexander Alexandrovich • Duke Besar George Alexandrovich • Duke Besar Alexander Vladimirovich • Duke Besar Cyril Vladimirovich • Duke Besar Boris Vladimirovich • Duke Besar Michael Alexandrovich • Duke Besar Andrew Vladimirovich • Duke Besar John Constantinovich* • Duke Besar Gabriel Constantinovich* • Duke Besar Dimitri Pavlovich
Generasi Ke-9

Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich • Duke Besar Vladimir Cyrillovich
Generasi Ke-10
Duke Besar Michael Pavlovich**
Generasi ke-11
Duke Besar George Mikhailovich**
*dilahirkan sebagai seorang Duke Besar, tetapi gelaran dilucutkan oleh ukase dari Alexander III pada tahun 1886, menghadkan gelaran kepada cucu tsar dari waris lelaki
**gelaran diberikan oleh Duke Besar Vladimir Cyrillovich

Templat:Russian Revolution 1917 Templat:Pretenders to the Russian throne since 1917 Templat:Lists of Russians


Persondata
Nama Nicholas II of Russia
Nama alternatif Romanov, Nikolay Alexandrovich (full name); Николай Александрович Романов (Russian)
Pemerihalan ringkas Czar of Russia
Tarikh kelahiran 18 May 1868
Tempat kelahiran Saint Petersburg, Russia
Tarikh kematian 17 July 1918
Tempat kematian Yekaterinburg, Russia