Portugalsko carstvo

Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo je uz špansko bilo najstarije i nadugovečnije kolonijalno carstvo u istoriji. Trajalo je šest vekova, od osvajanja Seute 1415. do povlačenja iz Makaoa 1999. i neovisnosti Istočnog Timora 2002. godine. Prekomorska ekspanzija Portugalaca počinje 1488. kada Bartolomeo Dijas oplovljava Rt dobre nade, sledi uspešno putovanje do Indije Vaska da Game 1498, te otkriće Brazila za koje je zaslužan Pedro Alvares Kabral 1500. godine. Portugalsko carstvo se opisuje kao prvo globalno carstvo u istoriji,^[1]^[2]^[3] mada se taj status ponekad pripisuje Španskom carstvu.^[4]^[5]

Portugalsko carstvo je nastalo na početku ere velikih geografskih otkrića. Moć i uticaj Portugalske kraljevine su se vremenom proširili po celom svetu. Nakon rekonkiste, portugalski moreplovci su počeli da istražuju obale Afrike i Atlanskog arhipelaga tokom 1418–19, koristeći nedavne navigacione izume, kartografiju i pomorsku tehnologiju, kao što je karavela, s ciljem pronalaženja pomorske rute do izvora unosne trgovine začinima. Tokom narednih decenija, portugalski mornari su nastavili da istražuju obale i ostrva Istočne Azije, uspostavljajući utvrđenja i proizvodne centre na svom putu. Do 1571. godine niz pomorski postaja je povezivao Lisabon sa Nagasakijem duž obale Afrike, Srednjeg Istoka, Indije i južne Azije. Ova trgovačka mreža i kolonijalna trgovina su imali znatan pozitivan učinak na portugalski ekonomski rast (1500–1800), kada je sačinjavala oko petine portugalske zarade po glavi stanovnika.

Kad je kralj Filip II od Španije nasledio portugalsku krunu 1580. godine započela je šezdesetogodišnja unija Španije i Portugalije poznata narednoj istoriografiji kao Iberijska unija. Područja su i dalje imala odvojene uprave. Kako je kralj Španije bio isto tako kralj Portugalije, portugalske kolonije su postale predmet napada tri rivalske evropske sile neprijateljske prema Španiji: Holandske republike, Engleske, i Francuske. Sa svojom manjom populacijom, Portugalija nije mogla da efektivno obrani svoju prerastegnutu mrežu trgovačkih postaja, a carstvo je započelo dugo i postupno opadanje. Konačno, Brazil je postao najvrednija kolonija druge epohe carstva (1663–1825), dok se, kao deo talasa pokreta nezavisnosti koji je zahvatio Amerike tokom ranog 19. veka, nije odvojio 1822. godine.

Kolonije

Severna Afrika

Aguz (1506.-1525)
Ksar es-Segir (1458.-1550)
Arzila (1471.-1550, 1577.-1589)
Azamor (1513.-1541)
Seuta (1415.-1640)
Al Džadida (1485.-1550, 1506.-1769)
Mogador (1506.-1525)
Safi (1488.-1541)
Agadir (1505.-1769)
Tanger (1471.-1662)

Podsaharska Afrika

Zapadna Azija

Indijski potkontinent

Portugalska Indija:

Vasaj-Virar (1535.-1739)
Mumbaj (1534.-1661)
Kožikode (1512.-1525)
Kanur (1502.-1663)
Čaul (1521.-1740)
Čitagong (1528.-1666)
Kočin (1500.-1663)
Kodungalur (1536.-1662)
Dadra i Nagar Haveli (1779.-1954)
Daman (1559.-1962)
Diu (1535.-1962)
Goa (1510.-1962)
Hagli (1579.-1632)
Nagapatinam (1507.-1657)
Palikat (1518.-1619)
Kolam (1502.-1661)
Salset (1534.-1737)
Mačilipatnam (1598.-1610)
Mangalor (1568.-1659)
Surat (1540.-1612)
Tutukudi (1548.-1658)
Sao Tome de Meliapore (1523.-1662; 1687.-1749)

Istočna Azija

Bante (16-18 vek)
Flores (16-19 vek)
Makao (1557.-1999)
Makasar (1512.-1665)
Malaka (1511.-1641)
Molučka ostrva (Amboina, 1576.-1605)
Ternate (1522.-1575)
Tidore (1578.-1650)
Nagasaki (1571.-1639)
Istočni Timor (1642.-1975)

Južna Amerika

Brazil (1500.-1822)
Sisplatina (1808.-1822)
Francuska Gvajana (1809.-1817)
Nova kolonija do Sakramento (1680.-1777)

Atlantski okean

Reference

^ Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia (на језику: енглески). ABC-CLIO. стр. 481. ISBN 9781576073353. Приступљено 5. 10. 2018.
^ Brockey, Liam Matthew (2008). Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World (на језику: енглески). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. стр. xv. ISBN 9780754663133. Приступљено 5. 10. 2018.
^ Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia (на језику: енглески). ABC-CLIO. стр. 894. ISBN 9781851094417. Приступљено 5. 10. 2018.
^ Spain as the first global empire (Chapter 5) - A Concise History of Spain
^ Powell, Philip Wayne ([1991?]). Árbol de odio: la leyenda negra y sus consecuencias en las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y el mundo hispánico. Ediciones Iris de Paz. ISBN 9788440488855.

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