Bahasa Gujarat

Bahasa Gujarat (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī) merupakan sebuah bahasa Indo-Arya yang merupakan bahasa tempatan Gujarat di India. Terdapat kira-kira 46 juta orang penutur Bahasa Gujarat di dunia, menjadi bahasa yang ke-26 terbanyak dituturkan di dunia. Bersama dengan Bahasa Romani dan Bahasa Sindh, Bahasa Gujarat merupakan bahasa yang paling barat di kalangan bahasa-bahasa Indo-Aryan. Bahasa Gujarat merupakan bahasa pertama bagi Mohandas K. Gandhi, "bapa kemerdekaan India", Mohammed Ali Jinnah, "bapa kemerdekaan Pakistan", dan Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, "orang besi India".

Status rasmi

Bahasa Gujarat merupakan salah satu daripada 22 bahasa rasmi dan 14 bahasa tempatanIndia. Bahasa ini diiktiraf rasmi di Gujarat, India.

Loghat

Loghat piawai yang diterima ialah penuturan dari kawasan Baroda ke Ahmedabad dan utara.^[4] Ethnologue menyenaraikan loghat-loghat berikut dan subdivisinya.^[1]

• Gujarati Piawai
  • Piawai Saurashtra
  • Nagari
  • Gujarati Bombay
  • Patnuli
• Gamadia
  • Gramya
  • Surati
  • Anawla
  • Brathela
  • Gujarati Broach Timur
  • Charotari
  • Patidari
  • Vadodari
  • Ahmedabad
  • Patani
• Parsi
• Kathiyawadi
  • Jhalawadi
  • Sorathi
  • Holadi
  • Gohilwadi
  • Bhavnagari
• Kharwa
• Khakari
• Tarimukhi
  • Ghisadi

Bahasa yang berkaitan rapat

Bahasa Kutchi, juga dikenali sebagai Bahasa Khojki, sering dirujuk sebagai satu loghat Gujarati, namun kebanyakan ahli bahasa menganggapnya lebih rapat dengan Bahasa Sindhi.

Sistem tulisan

Mirip dengan sistem tulisan Nāgarī yang lain, tulisan Gujarati adalah sejenis abugida. Tulisan ini digunakan untuk menulis Gujarati dan Bahasa Kutchi. Tulisan ini merupakan sejenis variasi tulisan Devanāgarī script dengan kehilangan garisan lurus di atas setiap huruf dan sedikit perubahan yang lain.

Gujarati dengan bahasa-bahasa yang berkait rapat boleh ditulis dalam abjad Arab atau tulisan Parsi. Ini dilakukan secara turun temurun di daerah Kutch di Gujarat.

Lihat juga

• Tatabahasa Bahasa Gujarati
• Tulisan Gujarati
• Fonologi Gujarati
• Bahasa-bahasa di India
• Senarai bahasa kebangsaan India
• Orang Gujarati

Rujukan

Bibliografi

Kamus

• Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.
• Deshpande, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
• Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
• Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.
• Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
• Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.
• Platts, J.T. (1884), written at London, A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, W. H. Allen & Co, <http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/platts/>.
• Suthar, B. (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb)
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1966), written at London, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, Oxford University Press, <http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/>.

Tatabahasa

• Cardona, George (1965), A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Taylor, G.P. (1908), written at New Delhi, The Student's Gujarati Grammar, Asian Educational Services.
• Tisdall, W.S. (1892), A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, <http://www.archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala>.

Kursus

• Dave, Jadish (1995), Colloquial Gujarati (2004 ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0415091969.
• Dwyer, Rachel (1995), written at London, Teach Yourself Gujarati, Hodder and Stoughton, <http://www.racheldwyer.com/publications.html>.
• Lambert, H.M. (1971), Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press.

Fonologi

• Dave, T.N. (1931), "Notes on Gujarati Phonology", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 6 (3): 673-678, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1356-1898%281931%296%3A3%3C673%3ANOGP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W>.
• Firth, J.R. (1957), "Phonetic Observations on Gujarati", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 20 (1): 231-241, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281957%2920%3A1%2F3%3C231%3APOOG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P>.
• Mistry, P.J. (1997), "Gujarati Phonology", written at Winona Lake, in Kaye, A.S, Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Eisenbrauns.
• Pandit, P.B. (1961), "Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels", Language 37 (1): 54-66, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507%28196101%2F03%2937%3A1%3C54%3AHPOGV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R>.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1921), "Gujarati Phonology", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 505-544.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1915), "Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1033-1038.

Overviews

• Cardona, George & Babu Suthar (2003), "Gujarati", in Cardona, George & Dhanesh Jain, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 9780415772945.
• Dalby, Andrew (1998), "Gujarati", written at New York, Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231115687.
• Mistry, P.J. (2003), "Gujarati", written at Oxford, in Frawley, William, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press.
• Mistry, P.J. (2001), "Gujarati", in Garry, Jane & Carl Rubino, An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates.

Gujarati Lama

• Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0
• Brown, W.N. (1938), "An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story", Journal of the American Oriental Society 58 (1): 5-29, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28193803%2958%3A1%3C5%3AAOGTOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6>.
• Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6
• Tessitori, L.P. (1914-1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43-45.

Lain-lain

• Gajendragadkar, S.N. (1972), written at Bombay, Parsi Gujarati, University of Bombay.
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005), "Gujarati", written at Dallas, Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.), SIL International.
• Masica, Colin (1991), written at Cambridge, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442.
• Mistry, P.J. (1996), "Gujarati Writing", in Daniels & Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press.

Pautan luar

[[wikibooks:|]] Wikibooks mempunyai maklumat lanjut mengenai:

Gujarati

Sumber Linguistik

• UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati Diarkibkan 2011-06-05 di Wayback Machine
• Ratilal Chandaria's Online Language Resources
• Gujarati Wiktionary
• Website for reading Gujarati Literature Online
• Gujarati English Dictionary from Webster's Online Dictionary - the Rosetta Edition
• Online Gujarati Type Pad Diarkibkan 2007-11-21 di Wayback Machine
• Free Gujarati Tutorial - Learn Gujarati
• Gujarati script and alphabets
• Gujarati Editor

Surat khabar

• Akila Daily
• Gurjari.Net
• Sandesh
• Gujarati Samachar
• Divya Bhaskar
• Sambhaav
• Jai Hind
• The Bombay Samachar Diarkibkan 2009-04-18 di Wayback Machine

Agama

• Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavat, Ramayan, Mahabharat, Upanishad, Yog Sutra, Bhajans and more in Gujarati (Hinduism)
• Religious and Spiritual Texts in Gujarati (Islam)
• World Bible Translation Center: Gujarati New Testament (Christianity)
• Avesta -- Zoroastrian Archives: Khorda Avesta (Zoroastrianism)

Lain-lain

• Gujarati Language and Literature
• Gujarati Samaj of Minnesota
• Gujarati Samaj of Western Australia
• A brief history of the Gujarati language
• The UK Gujarati Teachers Association Diarkibkan 2009-07-24 di Wayback Machine
• Gujarati Writers Guild UK
• SBS Gujarati Radio (Australia) Diarkibkan 2007-08-31 di Wayback Machine
• The South Asian Literary Recordings Project, The Library of Congress. Gujarati Authors.
• Gujarati Womans Magazine