Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II
Sebahagian daripada Perang Dunia II

Sebuah B-24 menggugurkan bom ke atas kilang Astra Romana di Ploiești, Romania, semasa Operasi Tidal Wave[1]
Lokasi
Kancah Eropah
Kancah Pasifik
Pihak yang terlibat
Kuasa Bersekutu
 Amerika Syarikat
 United Kingdom
 Kanada
 Australia
Dominion New Zealand
 Kesatuan Soviet
Poland
 China
Perancis		 Kuasa Paksi
 Jerman Nazi
 Jepun
Itali
Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Thailand
Komandan dan pemimpin
Amerika Syarikat Henry Arnold
Amerika Syarikat Carl Spaatz
Amerika Syarikat Curtis LeMay
Amerika Syarikat Chester Nimitz
United Kingdom Charles Portal
United Kingdom Richard Peirse
United Kingdom Arthur Harris
United Kingdom Arthur Tedder
Kanada Clifford McEwen
Australia George Jones
Kesatuan Soviet Alexander Novikov
Kesatuan Soviet Sergei Khudyakov
Kesatuan Soviet Alexander Golovanov		 Jerman Nazi Hermann Göring
Jerman Nazi Albert Kesselring
Jerman Nazi Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
Jerman Nazi Hugo Sperrle
Empayar Jepun Naruhiko Higashikuni
Empayar Jepun Hajime Sugiyama
Empayar Jepun Masakazu Kawabe
Empayar Jepun Chūichi Nagumo
Rino Corso Fougier
Francesco Pricolo
Ettore Muti
Kálmán Ternegg
Kerajaan Romania Gheorghe Jienescu
Kerugian dan korban

Soviet Union:

  • Secara kasar 500,000 orang awam Soviet[2]
  • 2,700 laskar (Jepun)[3]

China:

  • 260,000–351,000 orang awam China[4][5]

Britain:

  • 60,000 orang awam terkorban[6]
  • 160,000 laskar (Eropah)[7][8]

Perancis:

  • 67,000 orang awam terkorban dari pengeboman AS-UK [9]

Poland:

  • Puluhan ribu orang awam
  • 2416 laskar skuadron pengebom (Tentera Udara Poland di Barat)[10]

Yugoslavia

  • Puluhan ribu orang awam

Belanda:

  • Ribuan orang awam

Jerman:

  • 353,000–635,000 orang awam terkorban, termasuk pekerja asing[6][11]
  • Kerosakan sangat teruk pada industri

Jepun:

  • 330,000–500,000 orang awam terkorban[12]
  • 20,000 askar terbunuh
    (di Hiroshima)
  • Kerosakan sangat teruk pada industri

Itali:

  • 60,000–100,000 orang awam terkorban[13]
  • 5,000 askar terbunuh[13]
  • Kerosakan teruk pada industri

Hungary:

  • 19,135–30,000 terkorban dan 25,000 cedera[14][15]
  • Kerosakan teruk pada industri[16]

Romania:

  • 9,000 orang awam terkorban atau cedera[17]
  • Kemusnahan dan kerosakan teruk pada kilang penapis minyak dan ribuan bangunan [17]

Bulgaria:

  • 1,374 terkorban dan 1,743 cedera[18]
    12,564 bangunan rosak, yang mana 2,670 musnah sepenuhnya[18]

Thailand:

  • Sekurang-kurangnya 2,000 terkorban.[19]

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II adalah serangan udara yang berpanjangan terhadap jalan keretapi, pelabuhan, bandar-bandar, perumahan pekerja dan orang awam, dan kawasan industri dalam wilayah musuh semasa Perang Dunia II. Pengeboman strategik ialah strategi ketenteraan yang berbeza dari sokongan udara dekat untuk angkatan darat dan kuasa udara taktikal.[20] Semasa Perang Dunia II, ia diyakini oleh ramai strategis tentera bahawa kekuatan udara dapat menjamin kemenangan besar dengan menyerang infrastruktur industri dan politik, dan bukannya sasaran tentera semata-mata.[21] Pengeboman strategik sering melibatkan kawasan pengeboman yang dihuni oleh orang awam dan beberapa kempen sengaja dirancang untuk mensasarkan penduduk awam supaya dapat menggerunkan mereka dan mengganggu aktiviti biasa mereka. Undang-undang antarabangsa pada awal Perang Dunia II tidak secara khusus melarang pengeboman udara di bandar-bandar walaupun sebelumnya terdapat pengeboman seperti itu semasa Perang Dunia I, Perang Saudara Sepanyol,dan Perang China-Jepun Kedua.

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II bermula pada 1 September 1939 apabila Jerman menceroboh Poland dan Luftwaffe (Tentera Udara Jerman) mula mengebom bandar-bandar dan penduduk awam di Poland dalam kempen pengeboman udara.[22] Ketika perang terus berlanjutan, pengeboman oleh Kuasa Paksi dan Pihak Bersekutu meningkat dengan ketara. Tentera Udara Diraja mula mengebom sasaran tentera di Jerman, seperti dermaga dan limbungan kapal, pada Mac 1940, dan mula mensasarkan Berlin pada Ogos 1940.[23] Pada September 1940, pihak Luftwaffe mula mensasarkan bandar-bandar British dalam kempen The Blitz.[24] Selepas bermulanya Operasi Barbarossa pada Jun 1941, Luftwaffe menyerang bandar-bandar Soviet dan infrastruktur. Dari Februari 1942 ke atas, kempen pengeboman British terhadap Jerman menjadi kurang ketat dan menambah sasaran ke atas tapak industri dan kawasan awam.[25][26] Apabila Amerika Syarikat memulakan misi pengeboman udara terhadap Jerman, ia memperkuatkan usaha ini dan pengeboman api yang kontroversi telah dilakukan ke atas Hamburg (1943), Dresden (1945), dan bandar-bandar Jerman yang lain.[27]

Dalam Perang Pasifik, pihak Jepun mengebom penduduk awam disepanjang peperangan (contohnya di Chongqing). Serangan udara ke atas Jepun oleh AS bermula dengan bersungguh-sungguh pada Oktober 1944[28] dan menjelang Mac 1945 telah mula meningkatkan pengeboman api secara meluas, memuncak dalam pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki pada 6 dan 9 Ogos 1945.

Kesan pengeboman strategik banyak diperdebatkan semasa dan selepas peperangan.[29][30][31][32] Kedua-dua Luftwaffe dan RAF gagal memberikan pukulan kalah mati dengan memusnahkan moral musuh. Namun, ada yang berpendapat bahawa pengeboman strategik sasaran bukan tentera dapat mengurangkan kapasiti industri dan pengeluaran musuh[33][34] dan dalam pendapat para pendukung di zaman antara perang, penyerahan kalah Jepun mewajarkan pengeboman strategik.[35] Jumlah kematian akibat pengeboman strategik cukup besar, bukan hanya dari segi pengeboman tetapi juga kehilangan kru udara. Beratus-ratus ribu atau sejuta orang awam terkorban, berjuta-juta orang lagi hilang tempat tinggal, dan banyak atau sebahagian besar bandaraya utama musnah, terutamanya di Eropah dan Asia.

Rujukan

Petikan

  1. ^ Duga, James; Stewart, Carroll (2002). Ploesti. Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-510-1.
  2. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Hawley tidak disediakan
  3. ^ Kerr (1991), p. 276
  4. ^ Jennifer M. Lind (2010). "Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics". Cornell University Press. p.28. ISBN 0-8014-7628-3
  5. ^ R.J. Rummel (31 August 2007). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers.
  6. ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan White tidak disediakan
  7. ^ Crook, Paul (2003). "Chapter 10 "The case against Area Bombing"". Dalam Peter Hore (penyunting). Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, and Socialist. Routledge. m/s. 176. ISBN 978-0-7146-5317-4.
  8. ^ André Corvisier (1994). A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-16848-6. "Germany, air battle (1942–45)" by P. Facon and Stephen J. Harris p. 312
  9. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan France tidak disediakan
  10. ^ "Dywizjony bombowe w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych na Zachodzie".
  11. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Germany tidak disediakan
  12. ^ Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls: Allies bombing of Japan lists the following totals and sources
    • 330,000: 1945 US Strategic Bombing Survey;
    • 363,000: (not including post-war radiation sickness); John Keegan The Second World War (1989);
    • 374,000: R. J. Rummel, including 337,000 democidal;
    • 435,000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)
    • 500,000: (Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War)
  13. ^ a b Marco Gioannini, Giulio Massobrio, Bombardate l'Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940–1945, p. 491
  14. ^ Pataky, Rozsos & Sárhidai 1993, m/s. 235.
  15. ^ Ungváry 2004, m/s. 476.
  16. ^ Pataky, Rozsos & Sárhidai 1993, m/s. 229–232.
  17. ^ a b MARI DEZASTRE Bombardarea Bucureştilor în '44, Adevărul, 22 February 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  18. ^ a b Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). Sofia 125 Years Capital 1879-2004 Chronicle (dalam bahasa Bulgaria). Sofia: IK Gutenberg. m/s. 196. ISBN 954-617-011-9.
  19. ^ E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87.
  20. ^ R.J. Overy, The Air War. 1939–1945 (1980) pp. 8–14
  21. ^ Tami Davis Biddle, "British and American Approaches to Strategic Bombing: Their Origins and Implementation in the World War II Combined Bomber Offensive", Journal of Strategic Studies (1995) 18#1 pp 91–144
  22. ^ Levine 1992, p. 21
  23. ^ "The first bombing raid on Germany by the RAF in World War II".
  24. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Murray 1983, p. 52 tidak disediakan
  25. ^ Hastings 1979
  26. ^ Garrett 1993[halaman diperlukan]
  27. ^ Boog 2001, p. 408.
  28. ^ Pimlott, John. B-29 Superfortress (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1980), p.40.
  29. ^ "United States Strategic Bombing Survey, established by the Secretary of War on 3 November 1944, pursuant to a directive from the late President Roosevelt, 30 September 1945". Anesi.com. Dicapai pada 1 November 2015.
  30. ^ J.K. Galbraith, "The Affluent Society", chapter 12 "The Illusion of National Security", first published 1958. Galbraith was a director of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey.
  31. ^ Williamson Murray, Allan Reed Millett, "A War To Be Won: fighting the Second World War", p. 319
  32. ^ http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp905.pdf
  33. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Buckley 1998, p. 165 tidak disediakan
  34. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Murray 1983, p. 253 tidak disediakan
  35. ^ Buckley 1998, p. 197.

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Bacaan lanjut

  • Childers, Thomas (2008). "Facilis descensus averni est: The Allied Bombing of Germany and the Issue of German Suffering". Central European History. 38: 75. doi:10.1163/1569161053623624. ISSN 1569-1616. S2CID 145726489.
  • Clodfelter, Mark. "Aiming to Break Will: America's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications", Journal of Strategic Studies, June 2010, Vol. 33#3 pp 401–435, doi:10.1080/01402390903189436
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  • Coffey, Thomas M. (1987). Iron Eagle : The Turbulent Life of General Curtis LeMay. Random House Value publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-55188-2.
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Pautan luar

  • The Blitz: Sorting the Myth from the Reality by BBC History
  • Liverpool Blitz— Experience 24 hours in a city under fire in the Blitz from National Museums Liverpool
  • Coventry Blitz Resource Centre
  • The 376th Heavy Bombardment Group Oral Histories at Ball State University
  • Allied Bombers and Crews – slideshow by Life magazine
  • Annotated bibliography for conventional bombing during World War II from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
  • The Revenger's Tragedy by Leo McKinstry (in New Statesman)
  • l
  • b
  • s
  • Kasualti
  • Pembabitan tentera
  • Persidangan
  • Komander
Pihak Terbabit
Sekutu
(pemimpin)
Paksi dan
rakan
(pemimpin)
Penentangan
Garis masa
Permulaan
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
  • Tunisia
  • Kursk
  • Smolensk
  • Kepulauan Solomon
  • Sicily
  • Lower Dnieper
  • Itali
  • Kepulauan Gilbert dan Marshall
  • Changde
1944
1945
Aspek
Umum
Selepas perang
  • Allied war crimes
    • Soviet war crimes
    • British war crimes
    • United States war crimes
  • German (Forced labour) / Wehrmacht war crimes
  • Jenayah perang Itali
  • Jenayah perang Jepun
    • Unit 731
    • Pendakwaan
  • Jenayah perang Croatia
    • terhadap orang Serb
    • terhadap orang Yahudi
  • Jenayah perang dari orang Serb
Perogolan perang
  • German military brothels
  • Camp brothels
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