Rancangan Marshall
Rancangan Marshall (dari penggubalannya, secara rasminya Rancangan Pemulihan Eropah) ialah rancangan utama Amerika Syarikat bagi membina semula dan mewujudkan asas yang lebih kukuh untuk negara-negara berikat Eropah, serta menangkis komunisme selepas Perang Dunia II. Inisiatif ini dinamakan bersempena Setiausaha Negara George Marshall dan sebahagian besarnya didirikan oleh pegawai-pegawai Jabatan Negara, terutamanya William L. Clayton dan George F. Kennan.
Rancangan pembinaan semula ini dikembangkan di satu mesyuarat negara-negara Eropah tertentu yang diasaskan pada 12 Julai 1947. Rancangan Marshall menawarkan bantuan yang seumpamanya kepada Jepun dan sekutu-sekutunya, jika pihak-pihak tersebut ingin menjalankan pembaharuan politik serta menerima kawalan luaran tertentu.
Rancangan ini diadakan selama empat tahun mulai Julai 1947. Sepanjang jangka masa itu bantuan ekonomi dan teknikal bernilai kira-kira USD 13 bilion disalurkan untuk membantu pemulihan negara-negara Eropah yang menyertai Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi Eropah.[1]
Apabila selesainya rancangan ini, ekonomi setiap negeri yang turut serta, kecuali Jerman, dapat mencecah tahap sebelum perang. Sepanjang 20 tahun berikutnya, kebanyakan rantau Eropah Barat sudah menikmati tahap pertumbuhan dan kemakmuran yang di luar jangkaan. Rancangan Marshall juga selama ini telah dilihat sebagai salah satu unsur terawal integrasi Eropah, kerana menghapuskan sekatan perdagangan tarif serta mendirikan pelbagai institusi untuk menyelaraskan ekonomi di tahap kebenuaan. Salah satu hasilnya yang diingini ialah penerimaan teknik pengurusan Amerika Syarikat secara sistematik.
Baru-baru ini sejarawan telah mempersoal dorongan tersirat dan keberkesanan keseluruhan Rancangan Marshall. Sesetengah sejarawan menegaskan bahawa manfaat-manfaat Rancangan Marshall sebernarnya terhasil daripada dasar-dasar laissez-faire baru yang membolehkan pasaran menstabilkan diri melalui pertumbuhan ekonomi.[2] Kini, adalah diakui bahawa Pentadbiran Bantuan dan Pemulihan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu yang telah membantu jutaan pelarian dari tahun 1944 hingga 1947, juga menyediakan asas untuk pemulihan Eropah selepas perang.
Perbelanjaan
Bantuan Rancangan Marshall diagihkan di kalangan negara-negara yang turut serta secara kasarnya berasaskan per kapita. Jumlah yang lebih besar diberi kepada kuasa perindustrian utama, kerana amat dipercayai bahawa kebangkitan semula kuasa-kuasa terbabit adalah penting untuk pembangkitan seluruh Eropah. negara-negara Berikat menikmati lebih bantuan per kapita berbanding negara bekas kuasa Paksi atau pihak neutral. Jadual di bawah memaparkan bantuan Rancangan Marshall mengikut negara dan tahun (dalam kiraan juta dolar) dari sumber The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later. Tiadanya ijmak yang jelas mengenai perangkaan tepat, kerana para pengkaji tidak sebulat suara mengenai unsur-unsur mana bantuan Amerika ketika zaman itu betul-betul merupakan sebahagian bantuan ini.
| Negara | 1948/49 ($ juta) | 1949/50 ($ juta) | 1950/51 ($ juta) | Kumulatif ($ juta) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Austria | 232 | 166 | 70 | 468 |
 Belgium dan  Luxembourg | 195 | 222 | 360 | 777 |
 Denmark | 103 | 87 | 195 | 385 |
 Perancis | 1085 | 691 | 520 | 2296 |
 Jerman[perlu rujukan] | 510 | 438 | 500 | 1448 |
 Yunani | 175 | 156 | 45 | 366 |
 Iceland | 6 | 22 | 15 | 43 |
 Republik Ireland | 88 | 45 | 0 | 133 |
 Itali dan  Trieste | 594 | 405 | 205 | 1204 |
 Belanda | 471 | 302 | 355 | 1128 |
 Norway | 82 | 90 | 200 | 372 |
 Portugal | 0 | 0 | 70 | 70 |
 Sweden | 39 | 48 | 260 | 347 |
 Switzerland | 0 | 0 | 250 | 250 |
 Turki | 28 | 59 | 50 | 137 |
 United Kingdom | 1316 | 921 | 1060 | 3297 |
| Totals | 4,924 | 3,652 | 4,155 | 12,721 |
Lihat juga
Rujukan
Bibliografi
- Arkes, Hadley. Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan, and the National Interest. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1972.
- Agnew, John and J. Nicholas Entrikin, eds. The Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor. Routledge. (2004) online version
- John Bledsoe Bonds; Bipartisan Strategy: Selling the Marshall Plan Praeger, 2002 online version
- Bothwell, Robert. The Big Chill: Canada and the Cold War. Canadian Institute for International Affairs/Institut Canadien des Affaires Internationales Contemporary Affairs Series, No. 1. Toronto: Irwin Publishing Ltd., 1998.
- Crafts, Nicholas, and Gianni Toniolo, eds. Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
- Djelic, Marie-Laure A.; Exporting the American Model: The Post-War Transformation of European Business.Oxford University Press, 1998 online version
- Chiarella Esposito; America's Feeble Weapon: Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948–1950, Greenwood Press, 1994 online version
- Fossedal, Gregory A. Our Finest Hour: Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1993.
- Gaddis, John Lewis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Grogin, Robert C. Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2001.
- Hogan, Michael J. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
- Matthias Kipping and Ove Bjarnar; The Americanisation of European Business: The Marshall Plan and the Transfer of Us Management Models Routledge, 1998 online version
- Mee, Charles L. The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
- Milward, Alan S. The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–51. London: Methuen, 1984.
- Schain, Martin, ed. The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
- Stueck, William Whitney, ed. The Korean War in World History. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 2004.
- Rhiannon Vickers; Manipulating Hegemony: State Power, Labour and the Marshall Plan in Britain Palgrave Publishers, 2000 online edition
- Wallich, Henry Christopher. Mainsprings of the German Revival. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.
- Wasser, Solidelle F. and Michael L. Dolfman; "BLS and the Marshall Plan: The Forgotten Story: The Statistical Technical Assistance of BLS Increased Productive Efficiency and Labor Productivity in Western European Industry after World War II; Technological Literature Surveys and Plan-Organized Plant Visits Supplemented Instruction in Statistical Measurement," Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 128, 2005
- Wend, Henry Burke; Recovery and Restoration: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Politics of Reconstruction of West Germany's Shipbuilding Industry, 1945–1955. Praeger, 2001 online version
Bacaan lanjut
- John Gimbel "The origins of the Marshall plan" (Stanford University Press, 1976). (reviewed here)
- Greg Behrman The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe (Free Press, 2007) ISBN 0-7432-8263-9
Pautan luar
- The German Marshall Fund of the United States
- Economist Tyler Cowen questions the conventional wisdom surrounding the Plan Diarkibkan 2006-06-23 di Wayback Machine
- Truman Presidential Library online collection of original Marshal Plan documents from the year 1946 onwards Diarkibkan 2019-03-29 di Wayback Machine
- The Marshal Plan documents collection at MCE
- Marshall Plan from the National Archives
- Excerpts from book by Allen W. Dulles
- United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes famous Stuttgart speech, September 6, 1946 The speech marked the turning point away from the Morgenthau Plan philosophy of economic dismantlement of Germany and towards a policy of economic reconstruction.
- Marshall Plan Commemorative Section: Lessons of the Plan: Looking Forward to the Next Century Diarkibkan 2006-07-27 di Wayback Machine
- U.S. Economic Policy Towards defeated countries April, 1946.
- "Pas de Pagaille!" Diarkibkan 2008-10-12 di Wayback Machine, Time magazine July 28, 1947
- "The Marshall Plan as Tragedy," comment on Michael Cox and Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, "The Tragedy of American Diplomacy? Rethinking the Marshall Plan," both published in the Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 7, no. 1 (Winter 2005) (text of comment on pdf Diarkibkan 2007-06-15 di Wayback Machine) (text of original article on pdf Diarkibkan 2007-06-15 di Wayback Machine)
- Luis García Berlanga's critique of the Marshall Plan in a classic Spanish film: Welcome Mr. Marshall!
- Marshall Plan Still Working, 60 Years Later Cincinnati Enquirer December 10, 2006
